IJIET 2026 Vol.16(5): 1418-1427
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2026.16.5.2608
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2026.16.5.2608
Augmented Reality-Based Simulation for Project Based Learning-Troubleshooting (PjBL-T) on Automotive Chassis Course
Hanapi Hasan1, Wakhinuddin Simatupang2, Wawan Purwanto2, M Giatman3,
Riki Mukhaiyar4, Eko Indrawan5, Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya6, Hasan Maksum2,*, and
Tansa Trisna Astono Putri7
1. Department of Mechanical Engineering Education, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
2. Department of Automotive Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
3. Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
6. Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
7. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
Email: hanapi_hasan@unimed.ac.id (H.H.); wakhinuddins@gmail.com (W.S.); wawan5527@ft.unp.ac.id (W.P.); giatman@ft.unp.ac.id (M.G.); riki.mukhaiyar@ft.unp.ac.id (R.M.); ekoindrawan@ft.unp.ac.id (E.I.); wajwy@usm.my (W.A.J.W.Y.); hasan@ft.unp.ac.id (H.M.); tansatrisna@unimed.ac.id (T.T.A.P.)
*Corresponding author
2. Department of Automotive Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
3. Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
4. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
5. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang, Indonesia
6. Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
7. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
Email: hanapi_hasan@unimed.ac.id (H.H.); wakhinuddins@gmail.com (W.S.); wawan5527@ft.unp.ac.id (W.P.); giatman@ft.unp.ac.id (M.G.); riki.mukhaiyar@ft.unp.ac.id (R.M.); ekoindrawan@ft.unp.ac.id (E.I.); wajwy@usm.my (W.A.J.W.Y.); hasan@ft.unp.ac.id (H.M.); tansatrisna@unimed.ac.id (T.T.A.P.)
*Corresponding author
Manuscript received August 29, 2025; revised October 5, 2023; accepted December 4, 2025; published May 22, 2026
Abstract—This study integrates an Augmented Reality (AR) simulation into a Project-Based Learning–Troubleshooting (PjBL-T) model for an automotive chassis course to strengthen students’ diagnostic and problem-solving skills. Using a developmental research design, we applied a 4D sequence—Define including needs analysis and task/specification mapping, Design including AR storyboard, PjBL-T syntax alignment, instrument blueprints, Develop including prototype builds, expert validation, small-group try-out, and Disseminate including field implementation and refinement. Participants were purposively sampled from intact classes enrolled in the course which are one PjBL-T+AR cohort and a comparison cohort using conventional media. The AR module using Unity engine with Vuforia SDK delivered manipulable 3D models of suspension, steering, and braking systems and included parameterized virtual-fault scenarios for guided troubleshooting. Data were gathered with a diagnostic-accuracy rubric, a problem-solving performance rubric, a concept comprehension test, and a student engagement survey (Likert). Analyses included content validity, reliability checks, and inferential tests. Results show higher engagement, deeper conceptual understanding, and improved diagnostic accuracy for the PjBL-T+AR cohort relative to baseline and the comparison group. The model is scalable because it (i) runs on widely available Android smartphones/tablets with offline assets, (ii) uses modular, reusable fault libraries and glTF/FBX 3D packages that map directly to each PjBL-T stage, and (iii) provides templated authoring and Learning Management System (LMS) integration, enabling rapid replication across courses and institutions without specialized labs.
Keywords—Augmented Reality (AR), Project-Based Learning–Troubleshooting (PjBL-T), automotive chassis education, vocational and technical education, Learning Management System (LMS) integration
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
Keywords—Augmented Reality (AR), Project-Based Learning–Troubleshooting (PjBL-T), automotive chassis education, vocational and technical education, Learning Management System (LMS) integration
Cite: Hanapi Hasan, Wakhinuddin Simatupang, Wawan Purwanto, M Giatman, Riki Mukhaiyar, Eko Indrawan, Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya, Hasan Maksum, and Tansa Trisna Astono Putri, "Augmented Reality-Based Simulation for Project Based Learning-Troubleshooting (PjBL-T) on Automotive Chassis Course," International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 1418-1427, 2026.
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).