International Journal of
Information and Education Technology

Abstract—Despite inclusive education policies in Southeast Asia, disabled students still face barriers and difficulties. Mainly due to the limited individual support and institutional readiness. This study addresses this issue by proposing a policy-aligned Natural Language Processing (NLP) AI framework that uses a dual theoretical foundation (Digital Inclusion and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE)). This approach could help to bridge the gap between policy and its implementation, especially in low-resource environments. Policymakers play a pivotal role in shaping the future of education by creating an environment to support inclusion and ensuring equity for students with disabilities. This research emphasizes strategic policy for the implementation of the NLP AI framework to support disabled students in increasing their academic activities, particularly in developing countries. The framework itself uses sentiment analysis, entity recognition, and conversational agents from the NLP component to facilitate real-time and context-based responses. The research approach is mixed method, with disability students from Indonesia and Malaysia for the qualitative interview participants, and disability students across universities in Indonesia for the quantitative data SEM analysis. Unlike previous studies that focus on either technology or policy in isolation, this research presents an integrative NLP AI framework validated through the policy change perspective. The proposed framework is one of the first that highlights the alignment of the NLP AI implementation with the institutional-level policy readiness. It is designed with a user-centered approach using the Digital Inclusion Model, shifting from a function-based approach in existing studies to drive improvement and access to an equitable learning environment.

Keywords—inclusive support policy, artificial intelligence, natural language processing, inclusive education, disability support

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Cite: Nanang Husin, Hujjatullah Fazlurrahman, Anita Safitri, Riska Dhenabayu, Ummu Ajirah Abdul Rauf, and Aldi Muhamad Fitrah, "Policy Perspective on Proposed Framework of NLP AI to Bridge the Inclusive Support in Higher Education with a Mixed Methods Approach in Indonesia and Malaysia," International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 2686-2699, 2025.

Copyright © 2025 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).