IJIET 2026 Vol.16(2): 330-344
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2026.16.2.2506
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2026.16.2.2506
Enhancing Computational Thinking Skills through Markerless Augmented Reality and GPS-Supported Learning in Computer Networking
Muhammad Dominique Mendoza1,*, Olnes Yosefa Hutajulu2, Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya3, Sriadhi1,
Reni Rahmadani1, Ressy Dwitias Sari4, Eka Dodi Suryanto2, and
Elsa Sabrina5
1. Information Technology and Computer Education Study Program, Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia
2. Electrical Engineering Study Program of Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia
3. Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
4. Information Technology and Computer Education Study Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
5. Department of Family Welfare Education, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
Email: aenaen@unimed.ac.id (M.D.M.); olnes.hutajulu@unimed.ac.id (O.Y.H.); wajwy@usm.my (W.A.J.W.Y.); sriadhi@unimed.ac.id (S.); renirahmadani@unimed.ac.id (R.R.); ressydwitiassari@unj.ac.id (R.D.S.); ekadodisuryanto@unimed.ac.id (E.D.S.); elsasabrina@unimed.ac.id (E.S.)
*Corresponding author
2. Electrical Engineering Study Program of Universitas Negeri Medan, Indonesia
3. Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia of Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
4. Information Technology and Computer Education Study Program, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Indonesia
5. Department of Family Welfare Education, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Medan, Medan, Indonesia
Email: aenaen@unimed.ac.id (M.D.M.); olnes.hutajulu@unimed.ac.id (O.Y.H.); wajwy@usm.my (W.A.J.W.Y.); sriadhi@unimed.ac.id (S.); renirahmadani@unimed.ac.id (R.R.); ressydwitiassari@unj.ac.id (R.D.S.); ekadodisuryanto@unimed.ac.id (E.D.S.); elsasabrina@unimed.ac.id (E.S.)
*Corresponding author
Manuscript received May 6, 2025; revised June 3, 2025; accepted August 12, 2025; published February 5, 2026
Abstract—This study aims to examine the influence of self-efficacy, engagement, motivation, and computational thinking skills on the utilization of Markerless Augmented Reality (MAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies in higher education. Technology enhances learning by expanding access and promoting equity among diverse student populations. In this context, MAR and GPS are employed to support more interactive and contextualized instruction, thereby stimulating student engagement and motivation. The study surveyed every one of the 128 undergraduates enrolled in the Informatics and Computer Technology Education program to understand their perceptions of incorporating technology into their coursework. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, the research combined quantitative and qualitative analyses through techniques such as Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and Importance-Performance Map Analysis (IPMA). The analysis demonstrated that students’ self‑efficacy is a key predictor of their computational thinking abilities, perceived usefulness and ease of use of technology, and their overall attitudes toward digital tools. Additionally, high levels of engagement and motivation were found to be essential for successfully using these technologies in educational activities. Together, the findings emphasize the value of enhancing self‑efficacy by employing accessible Mobile Augmented Reality (MAR) and GPS applications to support learning, which can enhance student engagement, support the achievement of academic goals, and strengthen computational thinking skills.
Keywords—Markerless augmented reality, students’ engagement, motivation, self-efficacy, computational thinking skill
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
Keywords—Markerless augmented reality, students’ engagement, motivation, self-efficacy, computational thinking skill
Cite: Muhammad Dominique Mendoza, Olnes Yosefa Hutajulu, Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya, Sriadhi, Reni Rahmadani, Ressy Dwitias Sari, Eka Dodi Suryanto, and Elsa Sabrina, "Enhancing Computational Thinking Skills through Markerless Augmented Reality and GPS-Supported Learning in Computer Networking," International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 330-344, 2026.
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).