International Journal of
Information and Education Technology

Abstract

Virtual Reality (VR) provides immersive, interactive, and personalized learning experiences, yet its integration with Knowledge Tracing (KT) remains underexplored. This systematic literature review synthesizes 27 empirical studies on KT in VR learning environments published between 2015 and 2025. The findings reveal that most studies focus on higher education and vocational training, with medical and engineering disciplines being the most common application areas. Learning scenarios and tasks play a critical role in shaping learner interactions and generating meaningful data for effective KT in VR environments. Based on both manual coding and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, the learning tasks and educational scenarios identified in the studies involve multimodal knowledge state modeling and prediction, personalized and adaptive learning support systems, instructional design and learning outcome evaluation in VR, and KT applications targeting specific learner groups or contextual needs. Finally, this review identifies key challenges and proposes directions for future research on KT in VR environments.