IJIET 2026 Vol.16(1): 50-59
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2026.16.1.2482
doi: 10.18178/ijiet.2026.16.1.2482
Enhancing VR-Based Language Learning: Linking Task-Technology Fit, Expectancy Disconfirmation, and EEG Insights
Liwei Hsu
Graduate Institute of Hospitality Management, National Kaohsiung University of Hospitality and Tourism, Taiwan, China
Email: liweihsu@mail.nkuht.edu.tw (L.H.)
Email: liweihsu@mail.nkuht.edu.tw (L.H.)
Manuscript received April 15, 2025; revised May 9, 2025; accepted July 10, 2025; published January 9, 2026
Abstract—This study investigates the structural relationships between task characteristics, technological features, task–technology fit, performance, satisfaction, and expectation within a Virtual Reality (VR) environment for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. Grounded in the task-technology fit and expectancy disconfirmation theories, we further explore the moderating role of Electroencephalography (EEG)-detected Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA) in these relationships. A total of 159 participants engaged in a 20-minute VR-based EFL course, and the data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Results demonstrated the reliability and validity of the measurement model, and six of ten hypothesized pathways in the structural model were supported. Notably, FAA significantly moderates the relationship between expectation and satisfaction, highlighting the potential of physiological measures in understanding user experiences. This study offers a novel contribution by integrating EEG data into SEM analysis to examine EFL learners’ perceptions of VR-based language learning, providing critical insights into the interplay between cognitive and technological factors in immersive educational environments.
Keywords—Virtual Reality (VR)-based language learning, task-technology fit theory, expectancy disconfirmation theory, educational neuroscience, Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).
Keywords—Virtual Reality (VR)-based language learning, task-technology fit theory, expectancy disconfirmation theory, educational neuroscience, Frontal Alpha Asymmetry (FAA
Cite: Liwei Hsu, "Enhancing VR-Based Language Learning: Linking Task-Technology Fit, Expectancy Disconfirmation, and EEG Insights," International Journal of Information and Education Technology, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 50-59, 2026.
Copyright © 2026 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).